The evaluation of telemedicine-online health services during Covid-19 in Turkey private hospitals: Thematic analysis

Aim: With the Covid-19 outbreak, it has been observed that people wanted to receive healthcare services remotely. In other words, people wanted to reach healthcare services or healthcare professionals from their homes without going to the hospital. Thus, this study aimed to determine how telemedicine-online health services of private hospitals are handled on websites and social media channels. Material(s) and Method(s): Data was collected by conducting qualitative content analysis to the websites and corporate social media of hospitals in Istanbul, the city where the most private hospitals in Turkey are located. Overall, 608 data from 76 hospitals were analysed using the thematic analysis method. Result(s): When the analysis of the information was received a total of 8 themes emerged. These were divided into thematic codes as the telemedicine-online health service status, including the number of hospital beds, the content of written, visuals etc. posts, features of the branches of the application and details of other online health services. Discussion(s): The use of telemedicine-online health services in private hospitals is found to be at the initial stage and written and visual posts are insufficient. The information collected can help determine the current situation and contribute to private hospitals when determining new strategies.Copyright © 2021, Derman Medical Publishing. All rights reserved.

Overview of the Healthcare Systems of the Maghreb Countries: Issues and Progress

Objectives: To provide an update overview on the current status of healthcare systems in the Maghreb region (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) and to emphasize the progress made in the midst of the challenges facing these countries. Method(s): A descriptive comparative approach of healthcare systems in the three countries, based on data from sources with an established methodology, including descriptive healthcare data from the WHO database. Result(s): The population of the Maghreb will increase from 102 million to 132 million by 2050. The current population is mostly centered in Algeria and Morocco, accounting for 77%. Annual healthcare expenditure per capita is 447.9$, 776.8$ and 854.6$ in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, respectively. The average infant mortality rate per 1000 live improved to 10.9 in Tunisia, 16.8 in Morocco and 18.9 in Algeria. Maternal mortality rates have dropped to 43 and 48.5/100 000 births in Tunisia and Algeria, respectively while remaining relatively high in Morocco: 72.6. Number of hospital beds/1000 inhabitants is only 1.1 in Morocco, 1.9 and 2.9 in Algeria and Tunisia, respectively. The number of physicians/1000 people was 0.73 in Morocco, 1.3 in Tunisia and 1.72 in Algeria. This remains considerably low compared to the 3.9/1000 in Europe. The Maghreb countries are currently facing an exodus of physicians, mainly to France, which represents 7.1% and 10.7% of Tunisians and Moroccans, respectively, and more than 24% for Algerians. The Maghreb countries were very early mobilized (governments, ministries of health, civil society) to fight against COVID-19 and have successfully controlled the pandemic, according to pre-established control strategies and the strongly commitment of health professional. Conclusion(s): Despite the considerable progress made, the Maghreb countries still face major challenges. Physicians migration, rising cost of care and endemic infectious disease outbreaks constitute a huge hurdle on the already overburdened and resilient healthcare systems.Copyright © 2023

Exploring crucial social media marketing factors for improving customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in bed and breakfast sectors in Taiwan

PurposeThe Bed and Breakfast (B&B) enterprises generally lack sufficient human resources and time to conduct research on important social media marketing factors for visitors' satisfaction and visitors' intentions. Therefore, this study aims to provide crucial social media marketing and factors and service quality elements for improving customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in B&B sectors. This study also provides some recommendations for attracting more visitors and increasing customer satisfaction and customer loyalty through social media.Design/methodology/approachFirst, social media marketing factors and service quality elements were identified through the systematic literature review. Then these identified factors and elements were used to design a survey questionnaire for collecting data. The research data included responses of 64 B&B enterprises and 625 customers. The collected data was analyzed by feature selection approaches including Decision Tree algorithm and Information Gain to identify the key factors for improving customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.FindingsThe findings of this study determined that featured choice is an important social media marketing factor, and assurance is the common service quality element for both B&B enterprises and their customers in terms of satisfaction and loyalty.Originality/valueThis study adds a value to the growing literature on customer satisfaction and loyalty in B&B sectors by exploring key social media marketing factors and service quality elements. The study reveals several implications for theories and practices. The findings hopefully help B&B enterprises better social media marketing with less workforce and budget.

ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY AMONG PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM HEART FAILURE, USING THE EXAMPLE OF A MEGALOPOLIS

The medical documentation (n = 146912) introduced into the system "Regional fragment of the unified state information system in the field of healthcare” of Saint Petersburg for 2019–2021 was analyzed. To evaluate the mortality of patients due to heart failure, all deceased patients from 2019 to 2021 in Saint Petersburg (n = 192133) were taken as a basis, and based on a thorough study of medical documentation, patients who died from cardiovascular diseases and because of heart failure were singled out separately. The total mortality from all causes in Saint Petersburg in 2019 was 53025 people;in 2020, 66468 people;and in 2021, 72640 people. The analysis of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases from 2019 to 2021 showed an upward trend of 20.1% over the 3-year period of data analysis. When analyzing the prevalence of heart failure among deceased patients, an increase of 129.4% was noted over this period. The obtained results of the prevalence, mortality, and mortality of patients due to heart failure on the example of a megalopolis are the most relevant at the current time;they indicate a steady increase in the number of patients suffering from heart failure with an increase in the burden on the city's healthcare system. Simultaneously, there is insufficient continuity in the provision of medical care to patients suffering from heart failure, which is because of not only a shortage of medical personnel at all stages of medical care but also insufficient compliance of patients who either do not want to be treated or cannot continue treatment. Moreover, a significant disconnect was found in the continuity of medical care at the stages of pre-hospital and hospital treatment, as well as further outpatient follow-up of patients suffering from heart failure in the metropolis. All this leads to a significant increase in the mortality and mortality of patients suffering from heart failure, despite all the existing modern effective drug therapies. It appears critical to create a unified register platform for recording patients with heart failure, which will allow for a more accurate understanding of epidemiological aspects, the solution of which will improve the quality of medical care, identify the need for the crucial medicines, and reduce mortality, and mortality rates due to heart failure. All rights reserved © Eco-Vector, 2022.

The Association of Bedside Nurse Staffing on Patient Outcomes and Throughput in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Health care throughput is the progression of patients from admission to discharge, limited by bed occupancy and hospital capacity. This study examines heart center throughput, cascading effects of limited beds, transfer delays, and nursing staffing on outcomes utilizing elective surgery cancellation during the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic wave. This study was a retrospective single-center study of staffing, adverse events, and transfers. The study period was January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 with the SARS-CoV-2 period March to May 2020. There were 2,589 patients, median age 5 months (6 days-4 years), 1,543 (60%) surgical and 1,046 (40%) medical. Mortality was 3.9% ( n = 101), median stay 5 days (3-11 days), median 1:1 nurse staffing 40% (33-48%), median occupancy 54% (43-65%) for step-down unit, and 81% (74-85%) for cardiac intensive care unit. Every 10% increase in step-down unit occupancy had a 0.5-day increase in cardiac intensive care unit stay ( p = 0.044), 2.1% increase in 2-day readmission ( p = 0.023), and 2.6% mortality increase ( p < 0.001). Every 10% increase in cardiac intensive care unit occupancy had 3.4% increase in surgical delay ( p = 0.016), 6.5% increase in transfer delay ( p = 0.020), and a 15% increase in total reported adverse events ( p < 0.01). Elective surgery cancellation is associated with reduced high occupancy days (23-10%, p < 0.001), increased 1:1 nursing (34-55%, p < 0.001), decreased transfer delays (19-4%, p = 0.008), and decreased mortality (3.7-1.5%, p = 0.044). In conclusion, Elective surgery cancellation was associated with increased 1:1 nursing and decreased mortality. Increased cardiac step-down unit occupancy was associated with longer cardiac intensive care unit stay, increased transfer, and surgical delays.

COVID-19- A Challenge for Urology Subspecialty in an overwhelmed public sector hospital: A Descriptive Review of Urology Department, Lady Reading Hospital

Background: COVID-19 has brought unprecedented changes in every aspect of life throughout the world including the healthcare delivery system. After a grinding halt in surgical practice due to this pandemic, the conventional protocols needed a thorough overhaul before kick-starting formal services. This study discusses ways and procedure changes adopted at the Urology department to navigate this crisis and extend adequate urological care to patients at the same time. Aim(s): To share our experience of patient management in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): It's a descriptive review article based on patient management protocols and clinical audit in the era of COVID-19 pandemic at the Departmentof Urology, MTI, Lady Reading Hospital from 20th Marchto 20th June 2020. Clinical implication the benefit of this study is how to organize things and continue health care provision in a deadly pandemic. Furthermore, it will set a precedence that how to cope with such a pandemic in the future. Conclusion(s): All surgical patients should be screened for COVID-19, with preference given to PCR tests. All elective surgeries should be put on hold as a result of the limited availability of ventilators, manpower, and hospital beds. Only semi-elective, lifesaving and oncologic surgeries that cannot be delayed should be done with full PPEs provided to every personnel frequenting operating theaters during the procedure. Furthermore, more efforts are needed to lift the infrastructure of hospitals and make them capable to face problems of such proportions in the future.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

The Study of 'Preparation Guidelines' Towards Phetchabun Government Officers and Health Massage Establishments

The purpose of research was to study practices, barriers, and solutions of Phetchabun health massage establishments under COVID-19 situation. Non-participant observation, informal interview, in-depth interview, and participation observation were carried out respectively. Purposive sampling was used with 15 health consumer protection officers in charge;11 district level, 2 provincial level, 2 regional level as well as each representative of 11 districts. Results after implementation of "Preparation Guidelines for Health Spa, Health Massage, and Beauty Massage to Promote Health Tourism During COVID-19 Pandemic" were categorized into two sections. Firstly, the practices, barriers, and solutions of government officer performances included preparation for reopening, monitoring of the provider practices, and performance report. Secondly, the provider operations consisted of doing "Self-Assessment of Health Establishment", logging-in webpage before reopening, and practices for clients included screening and report of patients under investigation, establishment monitor, service, and establishment cleaning. In summary, the preparation guidelines were purposed to reopen their business with numerous contents and messages written by official language, it caused establishment providers and practitioners difficultly understood when applying. LINE Application and making calls were easy and accessible methods for their communication to reach current data and to ensure exact information. Various encouragements and having compliments were also considerable to form trust and confidence among them, they also raised their proud.Copyright © 2023, World Informations Syndicate. All rights reserved.

Factors Associated with COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries: A Time Series Cross-Section Analysis

Objectives: COVID19 pandemic has caused significant health and economic burden globally. Compared with high-income nations, prevalence of COVID19 infections and mortality has been lower in GCC countries, but it was higher than MENA region average. There is limited evidence in the literature on pattern and factors associated with COVID19 infections and deaths, especially for six GCC countries. The study aims to investigate this trend and associations. Method(s): We used world-o-meter online global database for COVID19 infections and deaths, and other databases to capture country-level socio-economic, demographic, and interventional factors linked with COVID19. Trends in monthly COVID19 data were reported via graphs and a negative binomial regression was estimated to determine the association between factors and monthly COVID19 infections and deaths per million population during March 2020 to October 2021. Result(s): An increasing trend observed in monthly COVID19 cases and deaths up to month 8, followed by a drop and then further increasing trend from month 12 to month 18. For COVID19 infections, negative binomial regression estimates incidence rate ratio (IRR) for 'stringency index' as 1.04 (p<0.001), GDP per capita, IRR=0.99 (p<0.001), CVD death rate, IRR= 0.99 (p<0.001), diabetes prevalence, IRR= 2.26 (p=0.001), hospital beds per 1,000 population, IRR= 0.002 (p=0.010) and containment health index, IRR= 0.88 (p=0.037). These factors also appeared to be statistically significantly associated with monthly COVID19 deaths per million population. Conclusion(s): The study contributes to current evidence-base on factors which are potentially associated with COVID19 infections and mortality in six GCC nations. Healthcare policy makers in the region can lessen their COVID19 related health burden by taking appropriate preventing and mitigating measures in relation to factors that have significant associations with the infection and severe disease.Copyright © 2023

Hospital resilience during Covid-19: A single mixed-methods case study in Morocco

Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic, in low- and middle-income countries, hospital resilience was critical to the success of the pandemic response. In North Africa and Middle East region, little attention was paid to hospital resilience strategies. Objective(s): To explore hospital organizational resilience strategies in a Moroccan hospital. Method(s): Single case study with mixed methods. Ten interviews were conducted with managers and frontline healthcare workers. The concept of hospital resilience was assessed using a questionnaire given to 50 managers and frontline health workers. Result(s): Hospital resilience strategies included developing crisis preparedness plans, hiring professionals, and organizing care quickly. The challenges were: shortage of medication and human resources, lack of personal protective equipment, insufficient bed capacity and emotional and psychological impact of overwork on frontline professionals. Level of Evidence: 5.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS

Location selection of field hospitals amid COVID-19 considering effectiveness and fairness: A case study of Florida.

The world has experienced an unprecedented global health crisis since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, which inflicted massive burdens on countries' healthcare systems. During the peaks of the pandemic, the shortages of intensive care unit (ICU) beds illustrated a critical vulnerability in the fight. Many individuals suffering the effects of COVID-19 had difficulty accessing ICU beds due to insufficient capacity. Unfortunately, it has been observed that many hospitals do not have enough ICU beds, and the ones with ICU capacity might not be accessible to all population strata. To remedy this going forward, field hospitals could be established to provide additional capacity in helping emergency health situations such as pandemics; however, location selection is a crucial decision ultimately for this purpose. As such, we consider finding new field hospital locations to serve the demand within certain travel-time thresholds, while accounting for the presence of vulnerable populations. A multi-objective mathematical model is proposed in this paper that maximizes the minimum accessibility and minimizes the travel time by integrating the Enhanced 2-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) method and travel-time-constrained capacitated p-median model. This is performed to decide on the locations of field hospitals, while a sensitivity analysis addresses hospital capacity, demand level, and the number of field hospital locations. Four counties in Florida are selected to implement the proposed approach. Findings can be used to identify the ideal location(s) of capacity expansions concerning the fair distribution of field hospitals in terms of accessibility with a specific focus on vulnerable strata of the population.

A simulation model for predicting hospital occupancy for Covid-19 using archetype analysis.

COVID-19 pandemic has sent millions of people to hospitals worldwide, exhausting on many occasions the capacity of healthcare systems to provide care patients required to survive. Although several epidemiological research works have contributed a variety of models and approaches to anticipate the pandemic spread, very few have tried to translate the output of these models into hospital service requirements, particularly in terms of bed occupancy, a key question for hospital managers. This paper proposes a tool for predicting the current and future occupancy associated with COVID-19 patients of a hospital to help managers make informed decisions to maximize the availability of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ensure adequate access to services for confirmed COVID-19 patients. The proposed tool uses a discrete event simulation approach that uses archetypes (i.e., empirical models of trajectories) extracted from empirical analysis of actual patient trajectories. Archetypes can be fitted to trajectories observed in different regions or to the particularities of current and forthcoming variants using a rather small amount of data. Numerical experiments on realistic instances demonstrate the accuracy of the tool's predictions and illustrate how it can support managers in their daily decisions concerning the system's capacity and ensure patients the access the resources they require.

Predict Turnaround Time of Hospital Discharge

COVID-19 pandemics lead to further shortages of beds globally. Ningbo No.1 Hospital implemented an integrated digital management system to tackle inefficiency in the discharge process, however, this problem is not fully solved. To help the hospital fully address this problem, this article identifies the problems in the hospital's dataset and proposes a methodology for the machine learning model training in order to predict the patient's leaving time, which provides a space for the hospital to improve the discharge process when procedures simplify, integration and digitalization are done. © 2022 IEEE.

Out-Patient Antimicrobial Therapy Unit in Universiti Malaya: The Experience of a Single Tertiary Centre in the Klang Valley

Intro: The Out-Patient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) is a form of Antimicrobial Stewardship that is now widely-practise throughout the world. However, in Malaysia, this has just only begun to take root and the OPAT in Universiti Malaya (UM) has only just begin operating on 2 August, 2018. The OPAT in Universiti Malaya has been operating for 4 years and is a collaboration between the General Medical Unit and the Infectious Control Unit. Method(s): This was a longitudinal study of all the patients that has been admitted to the OPAT since the start of the service. For each patient the starting and ending date in OPAT, anitbiotic used, the diagnosis, the referring unit, and any problems were recorded. Finding(s): The total patient-days of antibiotics served in the OPAT was 4978, with a mean duration of 66.37 days per patient and a median of 31 days. The majority of cases was referred from the medical department with 41 cases (54.67%) followed by Surgery with 22 cases (29.33%). Ertapenem was the most common antimicrobial served with 39 patients on it (52%) and ceftriaxone was second with 8 patients served (10.67%). All antibiotics have been agreed upon by the Infectious Disease Unit. In our study, 2 patients in OPAT has died but the rest none of them were admitted for hospital associated infection. Discussion(s): We found that OPAT on average save at least ten beds per day in the hospital. The patients are happy because they do not need to be warded in hospital to receive their antimicrobials. However, we faced limitations in recruitment of patients to the OPAT during the COVID-19 pandemic, staff shortages, the lack of infusion pumps for serving multidose antimicrobials, and bureacratic red-tape. Conclusion(s): OPAT was useful in reducing bed occupancy rate and hospital associated infection. Patients also are happy with the service.Copyright © 2023

Surgical outcomes of breast conserving surgery performed under local versus general anaesthesia

Background: Surgical resection remains the mainstay for early breast cancer. However, older patients with multiple co-morbidities may be deemed unsafe for general anaesthesia (GA). The Covid-19 pandemic necessitated some such surgery under local anaesthesia (LA) especially those who lacked anti-hormonal bridging therapy option. We present a retrospective study comparing outcomes following breast conserving surgery (BCS) under LA and GA. Method(s): 31 patients under LA (April 2018-March 2022) were compared with 31 age-matched patients under GA during the same period. Main outcomes were length of hospital stay and rates of margin positivity, re-operation, and post-operative complications within 1 month (including wound infections, seromas needing >=3 aspirations). Statistical analysis (with R-4.2.2) used two-tailed test with significant p-value (<0.05). Result(s): Only 5 LA cases were performed in the 2 years prior to first UK Covid-19 lockdown (March 2020), whilst 26 cases were performed in the 2 years after. [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): The number of BCS cases under LA increased five-fold following Covid-19 pandemic. Outcomes under LA were no worse than under GA. BCS under LA can allow BCS in patients unfit for or unwilling to have GA, especially older patients. Dedicated lists for BCS under LA may reduce need for resources such as hospital beds and overnight stays in the current resource and financially constrained health-care system.Copyright © 2023

[COVID-19 and Psychiatric Disorders in Minors: Changes in Inpatient Treatment According to Hospital Statistics]. / COVID-19 und psychische Störungen bei Minderjährigen: Veränderungen der Behandlungen nach der Krankenhausstatistik.

COVID-19 and Psychiatric Disorders in Minors: Changes in Inpatient Treatment According to Hospital Statistics Abstract: Increased rates of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported, with more children and adolescents suffering from internalizing disorders. This study analyzes whether the increased rates led to increased rates of inpatient treatment in child and adolescent psychiatric and pediatric hospitals in Germany as well as a change in diagnoses of the treated patients. We analyzed routine hospital data ("InEK" data, § 21 KHG data files) from a prepandemic (2019) and a pandemic (2021) half-year regarding changes in the number of cases, diagnoses, and length of stay (LoS) in child and adolescent psychiatry and pediatrics. We also investigated the development of psychiatric emergencies in minors. We found an increase in internalizing problems (depression, anorexia nervosa, trauma-related disorders) and a decrease in externalizing problems among the admitted psychiatric inpatients. Further, we observed a halving of cases treated for alcohol intoxication. However, we discovered no change for the frequency of psychiatric emergency treatments nationwide. A more detailed analysis revealed that, in areas with a low number of child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient beds, emergency care was prioritized and LoS decreased, whereas in areas with a fair bed-to-inhabitant ratio among minors, there was a trend toward increased LoS, also in pediatric departments. We recommend continued monitoring of inpatient care after the pandemic, with special attention paid to underprivileged children and adolescents such as those with externalizing problems.

Management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Rhineland-Palatinate hospitals of all levels of care : Results of the COVID-19 Registry RLP.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed a significant burden on the German healthcare system. Based on the experience of severe disease progression of the SARS-CoV­2 infection from neighboring European countries in the early 2020s, with ICU overload and high mortality rates, efforts were made in Germany to increase the capacity of available ICU beds. Subsequently, all documentation and reporting focused on the ICU capacities for COVID-19 patients. It was hypothesized that mainly a few large hospitals provided care for the majority of COVID-19 patients. The COVID-19 Registry RLP of Rhineland-Palatinate documented SARS-CoV­2 inpatients from daily mandatory queries of all hospitals throughout the pandemic from April 2020 to March 2023, distinguishing between patients in ICUs and normal wards. In its 18th Corona Ordinance, the state government required all hospitals to participate in the care of SARS-CoV­2 inpatients. We investigated the participation of hospitals at different levels of care in Rhineland-Palatinate in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nine pandemic waves were documented during the pandemic and exemplary data on the respective pandemic peaks were evaluated. A distinction was made between the burden on hospitals at different levels of care: primary care hospitals, standard care hospitals, specialty hospitals, and maximal care hospitals. Analysis of the data showed that all hospital types participated equally in the care of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The requirement of the Ministry of Health of Rhineland-Palatinate to provide at least 20% of the available capacity was met by all levels of care and there were no disparities between hospitals of different levels of care in the management of the pandemic.Hospitals at all levels of care participated equally in the care of SARS-CoV­2 inpatients and thus contributed significantly to the management of the pandemic in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Sofa and bed-related pediatric trauma injuries treated in United States emergency departments.

INTRODUCTION: Children under the age of 5 years suffer from the highest rates of fall-related injuries. Caretakers often leave young children on sofas and beds, however, falling and rolling off these fixtures can lead to serious injury. We investigated the epidemiologic characteristics and trends of bed and sofa-related injuries among children aged <5 years treated in US emergency departments (EDs). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 2007 through 2021 using sample weights to estimate national numbers and rates of bed and sofa-related injuries. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were employed. RESULTS: An estimated 3,414,007 children aged <5 years were treated for bed and sofa-related injuries in emergency departments (EDs) in the United States from 2007 through 2021, averaging 115.2 injuries per 10,000 persons annually. Closed head injuries (30%) and lacerations (24%) comprised the majority of injuries. The primary location of injury was the head (71%) and upper extremity (17%). Children <1 year of age accounted for most injuries, with a 67% increase in incidence within the age group between 2007 and 2021 (p < 0.001). Falling, jumping, and rolling off beds and sofas were the primary mechanisms of injury. The proportion of jumping injuries increased with age. Approximately 4% of all injuries required hospitalization. Children <1 year of age were 1.58 times more likely to be hospitalized after injury than all other age groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Beds and sofas can be associated with injury among young children, especially infants. The annual rate of bed and sofa-related injuries among infants <1 year old is increasing, which underscores the need for increased prevention efforts, including parental education and improved safety design, to decrease these injuries.

Hospital bed capacity across in Tunisia hospital during the first four waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive analysis

Background Background: In March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and Tunisia implemented a containment and targeted screening strategy. The country's public health policy has since focused on managing hospital beds. Methods The study analyzed the bed occupancy rates in public hospitals in Tunisia during the pandemic. The evolution of daily cases and NPI actions undertaken by the Tunisian Government were also analyzed. The study used three indices to assess bed flexibility: Ramp Duration Until the Peak (RDUP), Ramp Growth Until the Peak (RGUP), and Ramp Rate Until the Peak (RRUP). The study also calculated the time shift at the start and peak of each wave to evaluate the government's response efficacy. Results The study found that the evolution of the epidemic in Tunisia had two phases. The first phase saw the pandemic being controlled due to strong NPI actions, while the second phase saw a relaxation of measures and an increase in wave intensity. ICU bed availability followed the demand for beds, but ICU bed occupancy remained high, with a maximum of 97%. The government's response in terms of bed distribution and reallocation was slow. The study found that the most deadly wave by ICU occupied bed was the third wave due to a historical variant, while the fifth wave due to the delta variant was the most deadly in terms of cumulative death. Conclusions The study concluded that decision-makers could use its findings to assess their response capabilities in the current pandemic and future ones. The study highlighted the importance of flexible and responsive healthcare systems in managing pandemics.